Abstract

Minimization of energy consumption has always been the predominant factor deciding the acceptability of a routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks. In this study we have proposed a novel efficient multicast routing protocols in wireless mobile ad hoc networks is proposed. Due to the high mobility of nodes and highly dynamic topology, performing efficient and robust multicast in a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a challenging task. Most of existing multicast protocols in MANETs discover the routing path by flooding message over the whole network, which result in considerable cost for routing discovery and maintenance. Moreover, the reliability of the discovered path cannot be guaranteed, since the stabilities of nodes along such path are unpredictable. Here an attempt is made to devise an algorithm combining the features of both energy efficient and low latency algorithms. The new algorithm is intended to do well in real-world scenarios where the energy capacities of the nodes are not uniform. It employs a mobility prediction based election process to construct a reliable backbone structure performing packet transmission, message flooding, routing discovery and maintenance. Several virtual architectures are used in the protocol without need of maintaining state information for more robust and scalable membership management and packet forwarding in the presence of high network dynamics due to unstable wireless channels and node movements.

Keywords:

Load balancing, low latency, multipath routing, scalability, wireless ad-hoc networks,

References

1. Banerjee, S. and A. Misra, 2002. Minimum energy paths for reliable communication in multi-hop wireless networks. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHOc, 2002), pp: 146-156.
   CrossRef    
2. Broch, J., D. Maltz, D. Johnson, Y. Hu and J. Jetcheva, 1998. A performance comparison of multi hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols. Proceeding of the 4th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Dallas, Texas, USA.
   CrossRef    
3. Chen, X. and J. Wu, 2003. Multicasting Techniques in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Computer Science Department, SouthWest Texas State University, San Marcos, The Handbook of Ad-hoc Wireless Networks, pp: 25-40.
   
4. De Couto, D.S.J., D. Aguayo, J. Bicket and R. Morris, 2003. A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '03), pp: 134-146.
   CrossRef    
5. Ilias, I. and M. Cyriel, 2008. Performance of a speculative transmission scheme for scheduling-latency reduction. IEEE ACM T. Network., 16(1): 182-195.
   CrossRef    
6. Kleinberg, J., 2000. The small-world phenomenon: An algorithmic perspective. Proceeding of the 32nd ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. Portland, pp: 163-170.
   CrossRef    
7. Ko, Y.B. and N.H. Vaidya, 1998. Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking ACM MOBICOM '98. Dallas, TX, pp: 66-75.
   CrossRef    
8. Kuruvila, J., A. Nayak and I. Stojmenovic, 2004. Hop count optimal position based packet routing algorithms for ad-hoc wireless networks with a realistic physical layer. Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems, pp: 398-405.
   CrossRef    
9. Lee, S., W. Su and M. Gerla, 2002. On-demand multicast routing protocol in multi-hop wireless mobile networks. Mobile Netw. Appl., 7(6): 441-453.
   CrossRef    
10. Royer, E. and C. Perkins, 1999. Multicast operation f the ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol. Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp: 207-218.
    CrossRef    
11. Scott, K. and N. Bamboos, 1996. Routing and channel assignment for low power transmission in PCS. Proceeding of 5th IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications, Record, pp: 498-502.
    CrossRef    PMid:8874510    
12. Singh, S. and C.S. Raghavendra, 1998. Pamas-power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 28(3): 5-26.
    CrossRef    
13. Tony, L. and H. Nicklas, 1998. Routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks: A simulation study. M.A. Thesis, Stockholm Ericsson Switched Lab.
    

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

Open Access Policy

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Copyright

The authors have no competing interests.