Abstract

Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease in genetically susceptible individuals caused by intolerance to gluten protein in some cereals, resulting in mucosal inflammation, which causes malabsorption. An effective treatment for CD is a gluten-free diet that excludes cereals containing gluten. One of the most desirable wheat products is the cookie, which is considered suitable for all ages due to its low manufacturing cost, convenience, long shelf life and good eating quality. Therefore, the production of local, high quality and affordable gluten-free cookies was the main objective of this study in which lupine flour was used as a main wheat flour alternative. Eight gluten-free cookie flour blends were prepared: 100% Lupine Flour (AF), 50% lupine flour and 50% corn starch (BF), 40% lupine flour and 60% corn starch (CF), 30% lupine flour and 70% corn starch (DF), 30% lupine flour, 40% rice flour and 30% corn starch (EF), 30% lupine flour, 40% corn flour and corn starch 30% (FF), 20% lupine flour, 30% corn flour, 20% rice flour and 30% corn starch (GF) and 20% lupine flour, 30% rice flour, 20% corn flour and 30% corn starch (HF), with equal amounts of hydrocolloids (1.5% xanthan and 1.5% carrageenan) which were used as a functional gluten alternative, as well as a control sample with Wheat flour (WC). The chemical composition, physical characteristics and sensory evaluation of all treated flour blends and cookies were determined. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that corn and wheat flour were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in moisture content, while lupine flour had significantly (p≤0.05) higher contents of lipid, protein, fiber and ash. Starch significantly (p≤0.05) showed the highest carbohydrate content. The moisture of blend BC was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than all blends and blend AC was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in ash, protein, lipid and fiber content. The carbohydrate content of blend DC was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than the other blends, in which blend AC significantly (p≤0.05) contained the lowest amount. Physical analysis revealed that the spread factor of blend GC was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than the other blends, while blend CC significantly (p≤0.05) had the lowest value. The results of color measurements (L*, a* and b*) using a Milolat colorimeter revealed that the L* parameter had the highest value in the control sample WC, while the a* parameter was highest in blend AC and b* was highest in blend EC. The results of the sensory evaluation, judged by panelists, indicated that blend BC received the highest score in overall impression, while the control sample WC received the overall highest score in flavor and crust color, blend GC in overall color and the control sample WC in overall texture, blend AC in crust color, crumb color, hardness and after taste. Finally, blends BC and GC had the best acceptability compared to the control sample.

Keywords:

Celiac disease, corn flour, corn starch, gluten free cookies, lupine flour, rice flour,

References

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

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The authors have no competing interests.