Abstract

A novel approach for utilizing wheat Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles (DDGS) to produce exopolysaccharide by Preussia aemulans was explored. For degrading the insoluble polymer of wheat DDGS, the UV-irradiation method was used. After irradiation of 24 h, the soluble saccharide content of wheat DDGS medium was increased by 67%. The optimum fermentation conditions were: 5% (w/v) of fructose, 0.5% (w/v) of yeast extract, 7.5 of pH value, 5% (v/v) of the inoculum size, 60 rpm of shaking condition and 5 days of the fermentation time. The maximum exopolysaccharides yield of fermented broth under the optimum fermentation conditions was 3.51±0.24 g/L. Comparing with the unfermented wheat DDGS water extract, the exopolysaccharide yield of fermented broth was increased by 36%. The crude exopolysaccharide (EPS) indicated remarkable antioxidative activities though four antioxidant assays. Therefore, the crude EPS could be utilized as antioxidative food additives and functional feed in the future.

Keywords:

Antioxidative activity, Cordyceps sinensis, Fermentation, Preussia aemulans, UV-irradiation, Wheat dried distillers,

References

1. Bi, J., Q.L. Yang, J. Sun, J. Chen and J. Zhang, 2011. Study on ultrasonic extraction technology and oxidation resistance of total flavonoids from peanut hull. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 17: 187-198.
   CrossRef    
2. Blois, M., 2002. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 26: 1199-2000.
   CrossRef    
3. Chatchai, T., K. Saranyu, C. Khajeelak, S. Chantragan and S. Rakrudee, 2011. Antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity of crude polysaccharides from Lentinus polychrous Lév. Food Chem., 128: 634-639.
   CrossRef    
4. Chen, Y.J., M.S. Shiao, S.S. Lee and S.Y. Wang, 1997. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells. Life Sci., 60: 2349-2359.
   CrossRef    
5. Decker, E. and B. Welch, 1990. Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. J. Agr. Food Chem., 38: 674-677.
   CrossRef    
6. Greter, A.M., G.B. Penner, E.C. Davis and M. Oba, 2008. Effect of replacing corn dry distillers grains' with triticale dry distillers' grains on lactation performance and plasma metabolites. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 88: 129-132.
   CrossRef    
7. Guo, S.D., W.J. Mao, Y. Han, X.H. Zhang, C.L. Yang, Y. Chen, Y.L. Chen, J. Xu, H.Y. Li, X.H. Qi and J.C. Xu, 2010. Structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of the extracellular polysaccharides produced by marine bacterium Edwardsiella tarda. Bioresource Technol., 101: 4729-4732.
   CrossRef    PMid:20156684    
8. Hajar, I.I., W.C. Kim, A.M. Abdalbasit and I. Maznah, 2010. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) methanolic extracts. Food Chem., 119: 643-647.
   CrossRef    
9. Jia, Z.S., M.C. Tan and J.M. Wu, 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem., 64: 555-559.
   CrossRef    
10. Kanekiyo, K., J.B. Lee, K. Hayashi, H. Takenaka, Y. Hayakawa, S. Endo and T. Hayashi, 2005. Isolation of an antiviral polysaccharide, nostoflan, from a terrestrial cyanobacterium, Nostoc flagelliforme. J. Nat. Prod., 68: 1037-1041.
    CrossRef    PMid:16038544    
11. Heim, K.E., A.R. Tagliaferro and D.J. Bobilya, 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J. Nutr. Biochem., 13: 572-584.
    CrossRef    
12. Kondo, K., R. Hirano, A. Matsumoto, O. Igarashi and H. Itakura, 1996. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by cocoa. Lancet, 348: 1514-1518.
    CrossRef    
13. Krizkova, L., I. Zitnanova, D. Mislovicova, J. Masarova, V. Sasinkova and Z. Durackova, 2006. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of mannan neoglycoconjugates: Mannan-human serum albumin and mannan-penicillin Gacylase. Mutat. Res-Gen. Tox. En., 606: 72-79.
    CrossRef    PMid:16677851    
14. Leung, P.H., S. Zhao, K.P. Ho and J.Y. Wu, 2009. Chemical properties and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. Food Chem., 114: 1251-1256.
    CrossRef    
15. Masuko, T., A. Minami, N. Iwasaki, T. Majima, S.I. Nishimaru and Y.C. Lee, 2005. Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format. Anal. Biochem., 339: 69-72.
    CrossRef    PMid:15766712    
16. Mau, J.L., H.C. Lin and S.F. Song, 2002. Antioxidant properties of several specialty mushrooms. Food Res. Int., 35: 519-526.
    CrossRef    
17. Mazur, A., D. Bayle, C. Lab, E. Rock and Y. Rayssiguier, 1999. Inhibitory effect of procyanidin-rich extracts on LDL oxidation in vitro. Atherosclerosis, 145: 421- 422.
    PMid:10488973    
18. Miranda, C.C., R.F. Dekker, J.M. Serpeloni, E.A. Fonseca, I.M. Cólus and A.M. Barbosa, 2008. Anticlastogenic activity exhibited by botryosphaeran, a new exopolysaccharide produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 42: 172-177.
    CrossRef    PMid:18022685    
19. Mohsen, M.S.A., M.A. Youssri and F.R. Mohamed, 2009. Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide fractions from Microbacterium terregens. Carbohyd. Polym., 77: 563-567.
    CrossRef    
20. Penner, G.B., P. Yu and D.A. Christensen, 2009. Effect of replacing forage or concentrate with wet or dry distillers'grains on the productivity and chewing activity of dairy cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 153: 1-10.
    CrossRef    
21. Rasco, B.A., F.M. Dong, A.E. Hashisaka, S.S. Gazzaz, S.E. Downey and M.L. San Buenaventura, 1987. Chemical composition of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) from soft white wheat, hard red wheat and corn. J. Food Sci., 52: 236-237.
    CrossRef    
22. Re, R., N. Pellegrini, A. Proteggente, A. Pannala, M. Yang and C. Rice-Evans, 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization. Free Radical. Bio. Med., 26: 1231-1237.
    CrossRef    
23. Rice, E.C., N.J. Miller, G.P. Bolwell, P.M. Bramley and J.B. Pridham, 1995. The relative antioxidants activities of plant-derived poly-phenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Res., 22: 375-383.
    CrossRef    
24. Seviour, R.J., S.J. Stasinopoulos, D.P.F. Auer and P.A. Gibbs, 1992. Production of pullulan and other exopolysaccharides by filamentous fungi. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 12: 279-298.
    CrossRef    
25. Shi, M., Y.N. Yang, Y.T. Li, Y.P. Wang and Z.Y. Zhang, 2011. Optimum condition of ecologic feed fermentation by Pleurotus ostreatus using soybean curd re sidue as raw materials. Int. J. Biol., 3: 2-12.
    CrossRef    
26. Smirnoff, N. and Q. Cumbes, 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry, 28: 1057-1060.
    CrossRef    
27. Sun, H.H., W.J. Mao, Y. Chen, S.D. Guo, H.Y. Li, X.H. Qi, Y.L. Chen and J. Xu, 2009. Isolation, chemical characteristics and antioxidant properties of the polysaccharides from marine fungus Penicillium sp. F23-2. Carbohyd. Polym., 78: 117-124.
    CrossRef    
28. Tachakittirungrod, S., S. Okonogi and S. Chowwanapoonpohn, 2007. Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food Chem., 103: 381-388.
    CrossRef    
29. Wang, Z.J. and D.H. Luo, 2007. Antioxidant activities of different fractions of polysaccharide purified from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Carbohyd. Polym., 68: 54-58.
    CrossRef    
30. Xu, R.H., X.E. Peng, G.Z. Chen and G.L. Chen, 1992. Effects of Cordyceps sinensis on natural killer activity and colony formation of B16 melanoma. Chinese Med. J-Peking, 105: 97-101.
    
31. Yang, J.Y., W.Y. Zhang, P.H. Shi, J.P. Chen, X.D. Han and Y. Wang, 2005. Effects of exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis fungui on c-Myc, c-Fos and VEGF expression in B16 melanoma-bearing mice. Pathol. Res. Pract., 201: 745-750.
    CrossRef    PMid:16325517    
32. Yen, G.C., P.D. Duh and H.L. Tsai, 2002. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem., 79: 307-313.
    CrossRef    
33. Yu, Z. and J.X. He, 1998. Study of water extract of Cordyceps sinensis on antiperoxidation. Res. Tradit. Chinese Med., 14: 51-52.
    
34. Zhang, W.Y., J. Li, S.Q. Qiu, J.P. Chen and Y. Zheng, 2008. Effects of the exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on immunocytes of H22 tumor bearing mice. Fitoterapia, 79: 168-173.
    CrossRef    PMid:18180114    
35. Zhang, Y.J., B.D. Sun, S. Zhang, M. Wang, X.Z. Liu and W.F. Gong, 2010. Mycobiotal investigation of natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis based on culture-dependent investigation. Mycosystema, 29: 518-527.
    
36. Zhu, J.S., G.M. Halpern and K. Jones, 1998. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis: Part I. J. Altern. Complem. Med., 4: 289-303.
    CrossRef    PMid:9764768    

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

Open Access Policy

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Copyright

The authors have no competing interests.