Research Article | OPEN ACCESS
Lead Organ and Tissue Toxicity: Roles of Mitigating Agents (Part 1)
1Elias Adikwu, 2Oputiri Deo, 2Oru-Bo Precious Geoffrey and 2D. Akuegbe Enimeya
1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State
2Department of Pharm. Tec., College of Health Sciences, Otuogidi Ogbia L.G.A Bayelsa State, Nigeria
British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2013 6:232-240
Received: March 11, 2013 | Accepted: May 31, 2013 | Published: December 25, 2013
Abstract
Lead is one of the metals whose toxicological effect in humans and animals is of clinical concerned as reported by researchers. Quite a number of chemical agents have been reported to ameliorate lead associated toxicological effects especially in animal studies. This literary study reviewed reported toxicological effect of lead on the liver, kidney and brain with emphasis on the roles of mitigating chemical agents. In this review it was observed that his to patho logical changes in lead associated he patotoxicity include hepatomegaly with necrosis, formation of hyper plastic nodules and presence of in tranu clear inclusion bodies within hepatocytes. In the kidney reports revealed various degenerative changes with focal tubular necrosis invaded by inflammatory cells in cortical renal tubules, diminution in the amount of filtration slits, apoptosis in epithelial cells of the glomeruli, increase in lysosomal structures, pinocytic vesicles and large mitochondria in proximal tubule cells. Lead altered mRNA levels of the following apoptotic and neurotrophic factors: caspase 2 and 3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain. Histopathological changes occurred in gray matter, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of treated animals. Lead exposure altered biomarkers of liver, kidney and brain function with increased lipid peroxidation and decrease antioxidants function. Lead induced toxicities were observed to be mitigated by vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium dimercaptosuccinic acid, calcium disodium ethyl diaminetetra acetic acid and selenium. Extracts of plant origin and chemical substances of animal origin were also reported to mitigate these toxicities. One of the commonly reported mechanisms associated with lead toxicological effect is the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in organs and tissues this may be supported by the mitigating effect of some antioxidants on lead toxicological effects.
Keywords:
Animals, human, lead, mitigation, organs, tissue, toxicity,
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests.
Open Access Policy
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Copyright
The authors have no competing interests.
|
|
![](http://www.maxwellsci.com/images/BJPT-maxw.jpg) |
ISSN (Online): 2044-2467
ISSN (Print): 2044-2459 |
![Submit Manuscript](../images/sub.jpg) |
Information |
|
|
|
Sales & Services |
|
|
|