Abstract

Wind Driven Rain (WDR) is an inherent problem especially on open corridors and open areas like courtyard, balconies and terraces of naturally ventilated tropical buildings. The WDR can cause the building floor to be slippery and even flooding during heavy rain and strong wind. It can also eventually caused damages on building materials if exposed over a long period of time. Unfortunately, until to date there are not many researches conducted on WDR in tropical natural ventilated buildings. An experimental and CFD simulation analyses were taken into consideration to predict the percentage of water on a floor of case study building. Different types of rain barrier designs have been proposed to reduce the amount of wind driven rain entering the building. The CFD simulation results showed that the water percentage on the floor caused by the wind driven rain can be reduced from 78% of the floor area to about 42% using titled overhang rain barrier design.

Keywords:

CFD Simulation, natural ventilated building, rain barrier, tropical climate, wind driven rain,

References

1. Abuku, M., B. Blocken, K. Nore, J.V. Thue, J. Carmeliet and S. Roels, 2009. On the validity of numerical wind-driven rain simulation on a rectangular low-rise building under various oblique winds. Build. Environ., 44: 621-632.
   CrossRef    
2. Baheru, T., 2014. Development of test-based wind-driven rain intrusion model for hurricane-induced building interior and contents damage. USA, Theses and Dissertations, Paper 1127, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
   
3. Blocken, B., 2004. Guidelines for wind, rain and wind-driven rain measurements at test-building sites. Brinellvägen 34, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
   
4. Blocken, B. and J. Carmeliet, 2004. A review of wind-driven rain research in building science. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92: 1079-1130.
   CrossRef    
5. Blocken, B. and J. Carmeliet, 2006a. The influence of the wind-blocking effect by a building on its wind-driven rain exposure. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 94: 101-127.
   CrossRef    
6. Blocken, B. and J. Carmeliet, 2006b. On the accuracy of wind-driven rain measurements on buildings. Build. Environ., 41(12): 1798-1810.
   CrossRef    
7. Blocken, B. and J. Carmeliet, 2007a. Validation of CFD simulations of wind-driven rain on a low-rise building facade. Build. Environ., 42: 2530-2548.
   CrossRef    
8. Blocken, B. and J. Carmeliet, 2007b. Wind-driven rain assessment on buildings using climatic data sets: What time resolution is needed?? Proceeding of the Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Building. Florida, USA.
   
9. Blocken, B., G. Dezsö, J. Van Beeck and J. Carmeliet, 2010. Comparison of calculation models for wind-driven rain deposition on building facades. Atmos. Environ., 44: 1714-1725.
   CrossRef    
10. Boyd, D.W., 1963. Driving-rain Map of Canada. DBR/National Research Council, TN 398, Ottawa.
    
11. Choi, E.C.C., 2001. Wind-driven rain and driving rain coefficient during thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 89: 293-308.
    CrossRef    
12. Fazio, P., S.R. Mallidi and D. Zhu, 1995. A Quantitative study for the measurement of driving rain exposure in the Montreal region. Build. Environ., 30(1): 1-11.
    CrossRef    
13. Ge, H. and R. Krpan, 2007. Field measurement of wind-driven rain on a low-rise building in the coastal climate of British Columbia. Proceeding of the 11th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology. Banff, Alberta.
    
14. Hooff, T.V., B. Blocken and M. Van Harten, 2011. 3D CFD simulations of wind fl ow and wind-driven rain shelter in sports stadia: Influence of stadium geometry. Build. Environ., 46(1): 22-37.
    CrossRef    
15. Mirrahimi, S., C.H. Lim and S.P.K.M. Surat, 2015. Review of method to estimation of wind-driven rain on building façade. Adv. Environ. Biol., 9(2): 18-23.
    
16. Montazeri, H., B. Blocken, J.L.M. Hensen, 2015. Evaporative cooling by water spray systems: CFD simulation, experimental validation and sensitivity analysis. Build. Environ., 83(January): 129-141.
    CrossRef    
17. Nore, K., B. Blocken, B. Petter, J. Vincent and J. Carmeliet, 2007. A dataset of wind-driven rain measurements on a low-rise test building in Norway. Build. Environ., 42: 2150-2165.
    CrossRef    
18. Overton, G., 2013. An Analysis of Wind-driven Rain in New Zealand. BRANZ, Building Research Levy and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand, Vol. 300.
    
19. Robinson, G. and M.C. Baker, 1975. Wind-driven Rain and Buildings. Technical Paper No. 445, Division of Building Research, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.
    
20. Selbin, P.K., C.H. Lim, S. Mirrahimi, M. Alkhair, E. Salleh and K. Sopian, 2014. Performance of variable design configurations for Wind Driven Rain (WDR) shading device in tropical climate 3 problem solution. Proceeding of the 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources (RES’14), pp: 114-118.
    
21. Straube, 2006. Driving rain loads for Canadian building design. Research report for Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa.
    

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

Open Access Policy

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Copyright

The authors have no competing interests.