Abstract

This study presented an algorithm to protect the copyright watermark by providing Hamming codes as error correcting technique. Watermark was embedded in frequency domain using discrete cosine transformation and discrete wavelet transformation, to enhance the susceptibility. Combinations of two techniques are used to target medium frequencies only. Randomness of the watermark is also created before embedding. Instead of embedding in the same place in every block, it is embedded adaptively which depends upon the row and column of that particular block. Results prove the effectiveness of the algorithm against various attacks like jpeg attack, filtering and addition of noises like Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. ECC proved to be effective to recover the watermark after certain attacks performed.

Keywords:

DCT, DWT, frequency domain, image, watermarking,

References

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

Open Access Policy

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Copyright

The authors have no competing interests.