Abstract

This study presents optimal placement of voltage sag monitors based on new Sag Occurrence Index (SOI) which ensures observability even in case of monitor failure or line outages. Multiple solutions for optimal placement of voltage sag monitors for voltage sag detection have been obtained by genetic algorithm approach such that observability of the whole system is guaranteed. A new Sag Occurrence Index (SOI) is proposed to obtain the severity of voltage sag at all the buses in the system. To obtain the best monitor arrangement in the system, the sum of SOI for each optimal combination is determined. IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS) and IEEE 57-bus system were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The details of implementation and simulation results are also presented.

Keywords:

Multiple optimal solutions, power quality, Sag Occurrence Index (SOI), voltage sag, voltage sag monitoring,

References

1. Almeida, C.F.M. and N. Kagan, 2009. Allocation of power quality monitors by genetic algorithm and fuzzy sets theory. Proceeding of the International Conference on Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems (ISAP, 2009), pp: 1-6.
   CrossRef    
2. Baggini, A., 2008. Handbook of Power Quality. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., London.
   CrossRef    
3. Bollen, M.H.J., 1999. Understanding Power Quality Problems-Voltage Sags and Interruptions. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ.
   CrossRef    
4. Dong, J.W. and M. Seung-II, 2008. Optimal number and locations of power quality monitors considering system topology. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 23: 288-295.
   
5. Dugan, R.C., M.F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso and H.W. Beaty, 2003. Electrical Power Systems Quality. McGraw-Hill, New York.
   
6. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part2-8: 2002. Environment-voltage dips and short interruptions on public electric power supply systems with statistical measurement results, IEC Std.61000-2-8.
   
7. Garcia, M.S., E.E. Juarez and A. Hernandez, 2010. Analysis of system operation state influence on the optimal location of voltage sag monitors by applying TABU search. Proceeding of North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp: 1-6.
   
8. Goldberg, D.E., 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA.
   
9. Goswami, A.K., C.P. Gupta and G.K. Singh, 2009. Minimization of financial losses due to voltage sag inanIndiandistribution system using D-STATCOM. Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst., 10: 1-19.
   CrossRef    
10. Goswami, A.K., C.P. Gupta and G.K. Singh, 2011. Minimization of voltage sag induced financial losses in distribution systems using FACTS devices. Electr. Pow. Syst. Res., 81: 767-747.
    CrossRef    
11. Haput, R.L. and S.E. Haput, 2004. Practical Genetic Algorithms. 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
    CrossRef    
12. Holland, J.H., 1975. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
    
13. Houck, C.R., J.A. Joines and M.G. Kay, 2008. A Genetic Algorithm for Function Optimization: A MATLAB Implementation [Online].
    Direct Link
14. Ibrahim, A.A., A. Mohammad, H. Shareef and S.P. Ghoshal, 2011a. An effective power quality monitor placement method utilizing quantum-inspired particle swarm optimization. Proceeding of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI, 2011), pp: 1-6.
    CrossRef    
15. Ibrahim, A.A., A. Mohammad and H. Shareef, 2011b. Optimal placement of power quality monitors in distribution systems using the topological monitor reach area. Proceeding of the IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC, 2011), pp: 394-399.
    CrossRef    
16. IEC Standard 60050 (International Electrotechnical Commission), 1999. International Electro Technical Vocabulary (IEV).
    
17. IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, 1995. IEEE Std 1159-1995.
    
18. IEEE RTS Task Force of the Application of Probability Methods Subcommittee, 1999. The IEEE reliability test system-1996. IEEE T. Power Syst., 14: 1010-1020.
    CrossRef    
19. Juarez, E.E. and A. Hernandez, 2006. An analytical approach for stochastic assessment of balanced and unbalanced voltage sags in large systems. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 21: 1493-1500.
    CrossRef    
20. Juarez, E.E., A. Hernandez and G. Olguin, 2009. An approach based on analytical expressions for optimal location of voltage sags monitors. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 24(4): 2034-2042.
    CrossRef    
21. McGranaghan, M.F., D.R. Mueller and M.J. Samotyj, 1993. Voltage sags in industrial systems. IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 29: 397-403.
    CrossRef    
22. McGranaghan, M. and B. Roettger, 2002. Economic evaluation of power quality. IEEE Power Eng. Rev., 22(2): 8-12.
    CrossRef    
23. Milanovic, J.V. and C.P. Gupta, 2006a. Probabilistic assessment of financial losses due to interruptions and voltage sags-Part I: The methodology. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 21: 918-924.
    CrossRef    
24. Milanovic, J.V. and C.P. Gupta, 2006b. Probabilistic assessment of financial losses due to interruptions and voltage sags-Part II: Practical Implementation. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 21: 925-932.
    CrossRef    
25. Olguin, G., 2005. An optimal trade-off between monitoring and simulation for voltage dip characterization of transmission systems. Proceeding of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, pp: 1-6.
    CrossRef    
26. Olguin, G., F. Vuinovich and M.H.J. Bollen, 2006. An optimal monitoring program for obtaining voltage sag system indexes. IEEE T. Power Syst., 21: 378-384.
    CrossRef    
27. Xian, Y.X., M. Chao, G.Y. Hong, C. Wu and Q.L. Hua, 2010. Failure probability analysis of sensitive equipment due to voltage sags using fuzzy-random assessment method. IEEE T. Power Deliver., 25(4): 2970-2975.
    CrossRef    

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests.

Open Access Policy

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Copyright

The authors have no competing interests.