Research Article | OPEN ACCESS
Effect of Epoxy Resin Mixtures on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sand
Costas A. Anagnostopoulos, Panagiotis Kandiliotis, Malvina Lola and Sarafianos Karavatos
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technological Applications, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2014 17:3478-3490
Received: October 19, 2013 | Accepted: October 25, 2013 | Published: May 05, 2014
Abstract
The use of new materials for soil strengthening is crucial for geotechnical engineering, especially in foundation construction. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of two-component water-soluble epoxy resin to improve the physical and mechanical properties of medium sand, because the efficacy of these resins on soil strengthening has not yet been properly investigated. The experiments were conducted using resins with different epoxy resin-to-water ratios. The results of this study indicate that the epoxy resins improve the physical and mechanical properties of the sand significantly and if successfully grouted into a formation, the resins could provide a suitable solution for the stabilization of the foundation material. In separate experiments, electro osmotic treatment of sand/resin mixtures was conducted with the aim of identifying the effectiveness of electro kinetic method on the early strength development of sand/resin mixtures. From the results it was observed that the electroosmotically treated specimens appeared to have much greater strength enhancement than the one of the untreated specimens.
Keywords:
Chemical grouting, electro osmosis, epoxy resin,
References
-
Abdullah, W.S. and A.M. Al-Abadi, 2010. Cationic-electrokinetic improvement of an expansive soil. Appl. Clay Sci., 47(3-4): 343-350.
CrossRef
-
Ajayi-Majebi, A., W.A. Grissom, L.S. Smith and E.E. Jones, 1991. Epoxy-resin-based Chemical Stabilization of a Fine, Poorly Graded Soil System. Transportation Research Record No. 1295, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
-
Akbulut, S. and A. Saglamer, 2003. Improvement of hydraulic conductivity of soils by grouting. Ground Improv., 7(4): 157-164.
CrossRef
-
Al-Khanbashi, A. and S.W. Abdalla, 2006. Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 24(6): 1603-1625.
CrossRef
-
Alshawabkeh, A.N. and T.C. Sheahan, 2003. Soft soil stabilization by ionic injection under electric fields. Ground Improv., 7(4): 177-185.
CrossRef
-
Anagnostopoulos, C.A., 2005. Laboratory study of an injected granular soil with polymer grouts. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 20(6): 525-533.
CrossRef
-
Anagnostopoulos, C.A., 2006. Physical and mechanical properties of injected sand with latex-superplasticized grouts. Geotech. Test. J., 29(6): 490-496.
Direct Link
-
Anagnostopoulos, C. and S. Hadjispyrou, 2004. Laboratory study of an epoxy resin grouted sand. Ground Improv., 8(1): 39-45.
CrossRef
-
Anagnostopoulos, C.A., T. Papaliangas, S. Manolopoulou and T. Dimopoulos, 2011. Physical and mechanical properties of chemically grouted sand. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 26(6): 718-724.
CrossRef
-
ASTM C 29/C 29M-91a, 1993. Standard Test Method for Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM C 938-80, 1993. Standard Practice for Proportioning Grout Mixtures for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM D 3080, 2005. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM D 3967-95a, 2005. Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM D 4219-02, 2005. Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength Index of Chemical-grouted Soils. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM D 4320-04, 2005. Standard Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Chemically Grouted Soil Specimens for Obtaining Design Strength Parameters. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
ASTM D 5084-03, 2005. Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.
-
Bolisetti, T., S. Reitsma and R. Balachandar, 2009. Experimental investigations of colloidal silica grouting in porous media. J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 135(5): 697-700.
CrossRef
-
Cambefort, H., 1977. The principals and applications of grouting. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 10(2): 57-95.
CrossRef
-
CEN EN 196-1, 2005. Methods of testing cement-Part 1: Determination of strength. European Standard. European Committee for Standardization, CEN/TC 51, Brussels.
-
Dano, C., P.Y. Hicker and S. Taillez, 2004. Engineering properties of grouted sand. J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 130(3): 328-338.
CrossRef
-
Hoek, E. and J.A. Franklin, 1968. A simple triaxial cell for field and laboratory testing of rock. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 77: A22-26.
-
Huweg, A.F.S., F. Kamel and S. Raine, 2010. Investigating the effect of electro-osmosis on sandy soil near saturated conditions. Proceedings of the Southern Region Engineering Conference. Toowoomba, Australia, USQ, SREC2010-T1-2.
-
Issa, C.A. and P. Debs, 2007. Experimental study of epoxy repairing of cracks in concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 21(1): 157-163.
CrossRef
-
Kaniraj, S.R. and J.H.S. Yee, 2011. Electro-osmotic consolidation experiments on an organic soil. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 29(4): 505-518.
CrossRef
-
Liaki, C., C.D.F. Rogers and D.I. Boardman, 2010. Physico-chemical effects on clay due to electromigration using stainless steel electrodes. J. Appl. Electrochem., 40(6): 1225-1237.
CrossRef
-
Ou, C.Y., S.C. Chien and Y.G. Wang, 2009. On the enhancement of electroosmotic soil improvement by the injection of saline solutions. Appl. Clay Sc., 44(1-2): 130-136.
CrossRef
-
Perret, S., K.H. Khayat and G. Ballivy, 2000. The effect of degree of saturation on sand groutability-experimental simulation. Ground Improv., 4(1): 13-22.
CrossRef
-
Vipulanandan, C. and A. Ata, 2000. Cyclic and damping properties of silicate-grouted sand. J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 126(7): 650-656.
CrossRef
-
Widmann, R., 1996. International society for rock mechanics-commision on rock grouting. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 33(8): 803-847.
CrossRef
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests.
Open Access Policy
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Copyright
The authors have no competing interests.
|
|
![](http://www.maxwellsci.com/images/RJASET-maxw.jpg) |
ISSN (Online): 2040-7467
ISSN (Print): 2040-7459 |
![Submit Manuscript](../images/sub.jpg) |
Information |
|
|
|
Sales & Services |
|
|
|